甲硝唑 / 滅滴靈

用途

• Giardia
• Giardia
• Giardia
• Entamoeba histolytica or Pentatrichomas hominis
• H. pylori
• Sepsis
• Inflammatory bowel disease (mild to moderate large bowel)
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Inflammatory bowel disease (moderate to severe)
• Hepatic encephalopathy
• Helicobacter mustelae gastritis infections
• Helicobacter mustelae gastritis infections
• Susceptible infections
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Susceptible anaerobic infections
• Colitis due to Clostridium spp.
• Metritis secondary to B. fragilis
• Foals: Severe diarrhea
• Foals: Severe diarrhea (IV)
• Foals: C. perfringens
• Foals: C. perfringens (IV)
• L. intracellularis infections
• Susceptible infections (anaerobes; giardia)
• Ratites (not to be used for food)
• Rabbits: Anaerobic infections
• Rabbits: Anaerobic infections (IV)
• Chinchillas: Antimicrobial
• Chinchillas: Giardia
• Mice
• Rats
• Guinea pigs
• Gerbils, Hamsters
• Giardia
• Giardia
• Entamoeba histolytica or Pentatrichomas hominis
• Sepsis
• Helicobacter gastritis infections
• Plasmacytic/lymphocytic enteritis (adjunctive)
• Clostridium perfringens enterotoxicosis
• Inflammatory bowel disease (mild to moderate large bowel)
• Ulcerative colitis (refractory)
• Inflammatory bowel disease (moderate to severe)
• Large bowel diarrhea (therapeutic trial)
• Medial canthus syndrome (tear staining)
• Anaerobic infections in most reptile species
• Amoebae and flagellates in most species
• Amoebae and flagellates in Drymarchon spp., Lampropeltis pyromelana, and L. zonata
• Amoebae, flagellates and ciliates

給藥方式

可能的副作用

• Neurologic disorders (ataxia, nystagmus, seizures, head-tilt)
• Lethargy and weakness
• Neutropenia
• Hepatotoxicity
• Hematuria
• Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
• Hypersalivation (especially in cats due to bitter taste)
• Vomiting
• CNS toxicity (nystagmus, ataxia, knuckling, head tilt, seizures)
• Haematuria
• Excessive salivation/foaming (especially in cats)
• Impaired sense of smell (reported in explosive detection dogs)

注意事項與禁忌

• Hypersensitivity to metronidazole or other nitroimidazole derivatives
• Food-producing animals (FDA prohibited)
• Pregnancy (potential teratogen, especially in early pregnancy)
• Severe hepatic disease (requires dose reduction)
• > **Neurotoxicity Warning:** In dogs, total daily doses should not exceed 65 mg/kg/day to minimize the risk of central vestibular and cerebellar toxicity. Toxicity can occur with acute high doses or chronic moderate-to-high dose therapy. * **Hepatic Impairment:** Use with caution in animals with hepatic dysfunction. Consider reducing the dose to 25-50% of the usual dose in significant liver impairment. * **Pregnancy:** Potential teratogen. Avoid use during pregnancy, particularly during the first 3 weeks of gestation, unless benefits clearly outweigh risks. * **Nursing:** Consider alternative therapy or switching to milk replacer due to potential tumorigenicity. * **Debilitated Patients:** Use with extreme caution in severely debilitated animals.

藥物相互作用

• Alcohol: May induce a disulfiram-like reaction (nausea, vomiting, cramps).
• Cimetidine: May decrease the metabolism of metronidazole, increasing the likelihood of dose-related side effects.
• Phenobarbital: May increase the metabolism of metronidazole, thereby decreasing blood levels.
• Phenytoin: May increase the metabolism of metronidazole, thereby decreasing blood levels.
• Warfarin: May prolong the prothrombin time (PT). Avoid concurrent use or intensify monitoring.
• Macrolide antibiotics: Should not be used concurrently with Spiramycin (in combination products) as the combination may be antagonistic.

常見問題