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Hepatic Encephalopathy

También conocido como: HE

Revisado por veterinarioCatDogUrgencia: Emergency

En resumen

Hepatic encephalopathy is a serious, potentially life-threatening neurological syndrome caused by liver dysfunction or abnormal blood vessels (shunts) that allow toxins like ammonia to accumulate in the brain. Recognizing early signs like lethargy, pacing, and head pressing is crucial for timely veterinary intervention and management.

A lethargic dog lying down with a dull, depressed expression.
Lethargy and depression are among the most common early signs of hepatic encephalopathy in dogs.

TL;DR. Trastorno neurológico grave: el hígado no filtra toxinas (sobre todo amoníaco); desorientación y posible urgencia.

Letargo y depresión son signos tempranos frecuentes.

¿Qué es?

El hígado sano detoxifica productos intestinales como el amoníaco. Con insuficiencia hepática o shunt portosistémico, las neurotoxinas llegan al cerebro.

Causas y factores de riesgo

Jóvenes: a menudo shunt portosistémico congénito (PSS). Mayores: hepatopatía adquirida o cirrosis. Gatillos: comida alta en proteína, estreñimiento, hemorragia GI, inflamación, ciertos fármacos.

"In dogs and cats, congenital extrahepatic or intrahepatic portal-tosystemic venous communications are the most frequent cause of HE; up to 95% of affected animals demonstrate neurologic clinical signs."

Signos a vigilar

Frecuentes

  • Letargo; desorientación; círculos/paseos; head pressing; mirada al vacío; ceguera central; ptialismo (sobre todo gato); PU/PD

Ocasionales

  • Anorexia / vomiting; ataxia; stupor; seizures; stranguria / hematuria

Raros

  • Coma

A cat pressing its forehead firmly against a wall.
El head pressing es una señal neurológica crítica.

Diagnóstico

"The diagnosis of HE is made when an animal has clinical signs compatible with the condition, and alterations on a biochemical panel and liver function tests confirming moderate to severe liver disease..."

  • Biochemistry; pre/postprandial bile acids; blood ammonia; scintigraphy; histopathology

An ultrasound monitor showing a dog's abdominal blood vessels.
La imagen ayuda a identificar vasos que saltan el hígado.

Tratamiento

Acute

Lactulose; Propofol/Levetiracetam; Mannitol if cerebral edema. Avoid barbiturates/diazepam or use extreme caution.

Long-term

Antibiotics (Metronidazole, Ampicillin, Neomycin); digestible moderate-protein diet.

Surgery

PSS: e.g. ameroid constrictor.

Pronóstico

PSS surgery often resolves signs. Medical management variable. End-stage cirrhosis: palliative.

"The treatment of acute encephalopathic crises... is worthwhile because some animals can go on to complete recovery and successful long-term medical management, particularly if the acute crisis was triggered by a definable event (e. g. , acute GI bleeding in a dog with chronic liver disease and portal hypertension)."

Prevención

Shunts congénitos no prevenibles; cría responsable. Con hepatopatía: dieta estricta.

Cuándo llamar al veterinario

Urgencia:

  • Convulsiones; desorientación extrema; head pressing continuo; ceguera súbita; estupor o coma

Para razas concretas

Razas predispuestas:

Perros

Gatos

Fuentes

  • Small Animal Critical Care Medicine, 2nd Edition, pages 511-512.
  • Internal Medicine, 5th Edition, pages 543, 625.

My highlights & notes

Signos y síntomas

Razas de mayor riesgo

Cómo se diagnostica

  • Ammonia tolerance test
  • Biochemical panel
  • Blood ammonia levels
  • Liver histopathology
  • Pre- and postprandial bile acids
  • Rectal portal scintigraphy
  • Sulfobromophthalein (BSP) dye retention test

Enfoques de tratamiento

El tratamiento debe recetarlo un veterinario colegiado según tu mascota. Las dosis concretas no se muestran a propósito.

Preguntas frecuentes

What is Hepatic Encephalopathy?

Hepatic encephalopathy is a serious, potentially life-threatening neurological syndrome caused by liver dysfunction or abnormal blood vessels (shunts) that allow toxins like ammonia to accumulate in the brain. Recognizing early signs like lethargy, pacing, and head pressing is crucial for timely veterinary intervention and management.

What are the symptoms of Hepatic Encephalopathy?

Central blindness、Low mood and dullness、Disorientation、Lethargy、Personality change、Polydipsia、Excessive urination、Excessive drooling

How is Hepatic Encephalopathy diagnosed?

Ammonia tolerance test、Biochemical panel、Blood ammonia levels、Liver histopathology、Pre- and postprandial bile acids、Rectal portal scintigraphy

How is Hepatic Encephalopathy treated?

El tratamiento debe recetarlo un veterinario colegiado según tu mascota. Las dosis concretas no se muestran a propósito.

Fuentes

  1. Small Animal Critical Care Medicine, 2nd Edition (VetBooks.ir) · p. 512
  2. Small Animal Critical Care Medicine, 2nd Edition (VetBooks.ir) · p. 512
  3. Small Animal Critical Care Medicine, 2nd Edition (VetBooks.ir) · p. 511
  4. Internal Medicine 5th · p. 543
  5. Internal Medicine 5th · p. 625

Este artículo es educación general y no sustituye el consejo veterinario profesional. Si tu mascota está mal, consulta a un veterinario.

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