Diazepam

用途

• Urine marking and anxiety
• Spraying
• Fast-acting anxiolytic
• Treatment of seizure disorders
• Halt an ongoing seizure
• Maintenance therapy for seizures
• Functional urethral obstruction/urethral sphincter hypertonus
• Functional urethral obstruction/urethral sphincter hypertonus
• Short-term emergency control of severe epileptic seizures
• Appetite stimulant
• Tranquilization
• Tranquilization
• Sedation prior to pentobarbital anesthesia

給藥方式

可能的副作用

• Sedation and ataxia (most common)
• Dogs: Paradoxical CNS excitement/agitation (especially at doses >0.8 mg/kg)
• Dogs: Increased appetite
• Cats: Idiosyncratic hepatic failure (with oral use)
• Cats: Behavior changes (irritability, depression, aberrant demeanor)
• Horses: Muscle fasciculations, weakness, ataxia, recumbency (at doses >0.2 mg/kg)
• Hypotension and phlebitis (with rapid IV injection)
• Sedation
• Muscle weakness
• Ataxia
• Paradoxical excitation and aggression (especially with rapid IV injection or oral overdose in dogs)
• Pain and erratic absorption (IM injection)
• Fulminant hepatic necrosis (cats, repeated oral dosing)

注意事項與禁忌

• Known hypersensitivity to benzodiazepines
• Cats exposed to chlorpyrifos (potentiates organophosphate toxicity)
• Significant liver disease (especially in cats)
• Intra-carotid artery injections (must be strictly avoided)
• CNS depression
• Respiratory depression
• Severe muscle weakness
• Hepatic impairment (may worsen hepatic encephalopathy)
• Long-term treatment of behavioural disorders (due to risks of disinhibition and interference with memory/learning)
• > **Intravenous Administration:** Inject IV slowly (over 1-3 minutes). Rapid injection, especially in small animals or neonates, may cause hypotension or cardiotoxicity secondary to the propylene glycol vehicle. Flush the IV catheter with fluids after administration to help prevent thrombophlebitis. > **Feline Hepatotoxicity:** Use in cats is controversial due to reports of serious, potentially fatal idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity associated with oral administration. Baseline and follow-up liver function tests are strongly recommended if used. * **Patient Selection:** Use cautiously in patients with hepatic or renal disease, debilitated or geriatric patients, and those in coma, shock, or with significant respiratory depression. * **Behavioral Disinhibition:** Use very cautiously in aggressive patients, as it may disinhibit anxiety that normally suppresses aggressive behavior. * **Working Animals:** May impair the abilities of working animals. * **Toxicity Treatment:** Do not use to treat paradoxical CNS stimulation caused by human sleep aids (zolpidem, eszopiclone); use phenothiazines or phenobarbital instead. * **Pregnancy:** May be teratogenic (FDA Category D). Use during the first trimester only if benefits clearly outweigh risks.

藥物相互作用

• Amitriptyline: May increase diazepam levels
• Antacids: May decrease oral diazepam absorption
• Azole Antifungals (itraconazole, ketoconazole): May increase diazepam levels by inhibiting metabolism
• Cimetidine: May decrease metabolism of benzodiazepines
• CNS Depressants (barbiturates, narcotics, anesthetics): Additive CNS depression effects may occur
• Dexamethasone: May decrease diazepam levels
• Digoxin: Diazepam may increase digoxin levels
• Erythromycin: May decrease the metabolism of benzodiazepines
• Mineral Oil: May decrease oral diazepam absorption
• Omeprazole: May inhibit the metabolism of diazepam and increase levels
• Phenobarbital: May decrease diazepam concentrations
• Phenytoin: May decrease diazepam concentrations

常見問題