ケタミン
別称: Ketaset, Ketaflo, Vetalar, Ketalar, Ketaject, VetaKet, Anaestamine, Anesketin, Ketavet, Narketan-10, Vetalar-V
薬の分類: Dissociative General Anesthetic; NMDA-Receptor Antagonist
> **重要**：ケタミンは規制薬物であり、臨床環境で獣医療従事者によってのみ投与されます。 * **目のケア**：この薬の作用中、ペットの目は開いたままになることがあります。獣医療チームは、乾燥や怪我を防ぐために保護用の眼軟膏を塗布します。 * **回復期**：回復中は、ペットを静かで薄暗い環境に保ってください。薬の効果が切れる際の驚愕反応、不規則な動き、または幻覚を防ぐために、大きな音、突然の動き、および過度の接触を最小限に抑えてください。 * **注意すべき点**：異常なけいれん、長引くふらつき、または異常な行動がないか観察し、獣医師に報告してください。
用量はペットの状態に応じて獣医師が決定します。獣医師の指導なしに人用医薬品や他のペットの処方薬を与えないでください。
Veterinary professional? See the full dosing-by-species reference on VetSheet →
使用用途
- Anesthesia
- Anesthesia
- Anesthesia
- Camelids (llamas and alpacas) - Anesthetic
- Camelids - Procedural pain (e.g., castrations) when recumbency is desired
- Restraint
- Diagnostic or minor surgical procedures not requiring skeletal muscle relaxation
- Immobilizing agent (requiring more sedation)
- Highly aggressive cats
- NMDA antagonist for adjunctive pain control (mild to moderate pain)
- Intraoperative use (if anesthesia induced with drug other than ketamine)
- In combination with opioids or lidocaine
- MLK (morphine/lidocaine/ketamine) mixture
- Injectable anesthesia
- Anesthesia
- Anesthesia
- CRI for adjunctive analgesia
- Field anesthesia
- Induction
- Foals and ponies induction/maintenance
- Induction of surgical colic patients
- Intra-operatively to reduce movement with light general anesthesia
- Anesthesia (<100 grams: canaries, finches, budgies)
- Anesthesia (250-500 grams: parrots, pigeons)
- Anesthesia (500 grams-3 kg: chickens, owls, hawks)
- Anesthesia (>3 kg: ducks, geese, swans)
- In combination with xylazine
- In combination with diazepam
- In combination with acepromazine
- Anesthesia
- Anesthesia
- Anesthesia
- Mice: Chemical restraint (Alone)
- Mice: Chemical restraint (with diazepam)
- Mice: Chemical restraint (with xylazine)
- Rats: Chemical restraint (Alone)
- Rats: Chemical restraint (with diazepam)
- Rats: Chemical restraint (with xylazine)
- Hamsters/Gerbils: Chemical restraint (Alone)
- Hamsters/Gerbils: Chemical restraint (with diazepam)
- Guinea pig: Chemical restraint (Alone)
- Guinea pig: Chemical restraint (with diazepam)
- Guinea pig: Chemical restraint (with xylazine)
- Rabbits: Chemical restraint (Alone)
- Rabbits: Chemical restraint (with diazepam)
- Rabbits: Chemical restraint (with xylazine)
- Rabbits: Chemical restraint (Alone)
- Rabbits: Induction (with diazepam)
- Rabbits: Anesthesia without inhalants (with diazepam)
- Rodents: Injectable anesthesia
- Rabbits: Injectable anesthesia
- Adjunct to anesthesia (geriatric/renal/liver dysfunction as premed prior to propofol/mask)
- Slightly heavier sedation for radiographic procedures
- Minor surgery, Penn hip or OFA-types of radiographic procedures requiring muscle relaxation
- Surgical plane of anesthesia for OHE, castration, or abdominal surgery
- Immobilizing extremely fractious dogs and wolf-hybrid dogs
- NMDA antagonist for adjunctive pain control (mild to moderate pain)
- Intraoperative use (if anesthesia induced with drug other than ketamine)
- In combination with opioids or lidocaine
- Medium to small land Tortoises
- Freshwater Turtles
- Giant Land Tortoises (200 kg Aldabra tortoise)
- Smaller Aldabra tortoises
- Iguanas
投与方法
IVIMSCPOIPSublingual (spray)
考えられる副作用
- Hypertension
- Hypersalivation
- Respiratory depression (at high doses or rapid IV administration)
- Hyperthermia (especially in cats)
- Emesis
- Vocalization
- Erratic and prolonged recovery (emergence delirium)
- Dyspnea
- Spastic jerking movements and muscular tremors
- Seizures (up to 20% of cats at therapeutic doses)
- Hypertonicity and opisthotonos
- Cardiac arrest
- Pain after IM injection
- Eyes remain open (risk of corneal drying/ulceration)
- Cardiovascular depression and arrhythmias (in animals with high sympathetic tone, shock, or severe CV disease)
- Tachycardia (following high IV doses)
- Marked respiratory depression (in some animals)
- Skeletal muscle hypertonicity and spontaneous movement (if used alone)
- Spacey, abnormal behaviour or dysphoria during recovery (1-2 hours)
- Drug accumulation and prolonged recovery (with prolonged infusion)
注意事項と禁忌
- Prior hypersensitivity reactions to ketamine
- Animals intended for human consumption
- Use as a sole agent for major surgery (due to poor muscle relaxation and visceral analgesia)
- Increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure or head trauma
- Significant hypertension, heart failure, or arterial aneurysms
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in cats
- Increased intra-ocular pressure or open globe injuries (relative)
- Procedures involving the pharynx, larynx, or trachea (relative)
- Preexisting seizure disorders (use with extreme caution)
- Animals whose eyes are at risk of perforation
- Raised intraocular pressure (IOP)
- Raised intracranial pressure (ICP)
- > **Cardiovascular Caution**: Ketamine increases heart rate, blood pressure, and myocardial oxygen consumption. Avoid in patients where this is detrimental (e.g., unstable shock, congestive heart failure, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy). > **Ocular Care**: Cats' eyes remain open after receiving ketamine. Protect from injury and apply an ophthalmic lubricant (e.g., Lacri-Lube) to prevent excessive corneal drying. * **Hepatic/Renal Insufficiency**: Use with caution. In cats, ketamine is excreted almost exclusively via the kidneys; reduce doses or use cautiously in feline renal disease. * **Sympathetic Tone**: Use with caution in animals with preexisting increased sympathetic tone (e.g., pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism). * **Recovery**: Minimize exposure to handling or loud noises during the recovery period to reduce the incidence of emergence reactions (delirium, thrashing), but continue to monitor vital signs closely. * **Hemorrhage**: Because ketamine can increase blood pressure, careful control of post-surgical hemorrhage (e.g., declawing) is required.
薬物相互作用
- Chloramphenicol (parenteral): May prolong the anesthetic actions of ketamine
- CNS Depressants (Narcotics, barbiturates, diazepam): May prolong the recovery time after ketamine anesthesia
- Halothane: Recovery rates may be prolonged and the cardiac stimulatory effects of ketamine may be inhibited; close monitoring of cardiac status is recommended
- Ivermectin: Recommended not to use ivermectin in reptiles within 10 days of ketamine
- Neuromuscular blockers (e.g., succinylcholine, tubocurarine): May cause enhanced or prolonged respiratory depression
- Thyroid hormones: May induce severe hypertension and tachycardia; beta-blockers may be of benefit in treating these effects
- Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (e.g., medetomidine, dexmedetomidine): Synergistic anaesthesia and prevention of muscle hypertonicity. Reversal of the alpha-2 agonist must be delayed until 45 minutes after ketamine administration to prevent unopposed ketamine excitation.
- Benzodiazepines: Synergistic anaesthesia and prevention of ketamine-induced skeletal muscle hypertonicity.
よくある質問
ケタミンはペットにどう使われていますか？
> 重要：ケタミンは規制薬物であり、臨床環境で獣医療従事者によってのみ投与されます。 • 目のケア：この薬の作用中、ペットの目は開いたままになることがあります。獣医療チームは、乾燥や怪我を防ぐために保護用の眼軟膏を塗布します。 • 回復期：回復中は、ペットを静かで薄暗い環境に保ってください。薬の効果が切れる際の驚愕反応、不規則な動き、または幻覚を防ぐために、大きな音、突然の動き、および過度の接触を最小限に抑えてください。 • 注意すべき点：異常なけいれん、長引くふらつき、または異常な行動がないか観察し、獣医師に報告してください。
ケタミンはうちのペットに安全ですか？
用量はペットの状態に応じて獣医師が決定します。獣医師の指導なしに人用医薬品や他のペットの処方薬を与えないでください。
この記事は一般的な健康教育を目的としており、専門的な獣医学的アドバイスの代わりにはなりません。ペットが調子悪い場合は、獣医師にご相談ください。