Digestive and Liver Health in the Maltese

Quick answer

The Maltese is a breed that can face specific challenges regarding liver function and digestive health. While these conditions can be serious, proactive monitoring at home and early intervention by your veterinary team can significantly improve your dog's quality of life. By tracking your pet's daily habits and recognizing subtle changes in behavior or digestion, you become the most important partner in their healthcare journey.

Portosystemic Shunt

A portosystemic shunt, specifically the extrahepatic form, is a recognised tendency in the breed. This condition involves an abnormal connection that allows blood to bypass the liver, preventing the organ from properly filtering toxins from the bloodstream. Because the liver is responsible for detoxifying the body, these circulating toxins can affect the nervous system and overall organ function.

At home, you might notice your dog seems lethargic or appears confused, especially after eating. Some owners report their dog pacing, head pressing against walls, or even experiencing seizures. You may also observe poor weight gain, stunted growth, or a generally unthrifty appearance despite a normal appetite. Because this is a recognised tendency rather than a proven one, it is vital to monitor for these neurological and growth-related signs throughout your dog's life.

When you bring your dog to the clinic, the vet will perform blood work to look for specific markers of liver dysfunction. If these markers are abnormal, they may use diagnostic imaging, such as an ultrasound or specialized scans, to visualize the blood flow and confirm the presence of a shunt. The urgency of this condition is high if your dog shows signs of neurological distress, such as seizures or extreme disorientation, as these indicate that toxins are affecting the brain.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory Bowel Disease, or IBD, is a recognised tendency in the Maltese. This condition occurs when the lining of the gastrointestinal tract becomes chronically inflamed, making it difficult for the dog to digest food and absorb nutrients effectively. It is a persistent issue that requires long-term management.

As an owner, you will likely notice persistent digestive upset. This often manifests as chronic vomiting, frequent diarrhea, or a significant change in stool consistency that lasts for more than a few days. You might also notice your dog losing weight, appearing bloated, or showing a reduced interest in food. Some dogs may also exhibit signs of abdominal discomfort, such as a hunched posture or reluctance to be touched around the belly.

To reach a diagnosis, your vet will need to rule out other causes of digestive upset, such as parasites, dietary indiscretion, or infections. They will likely recommend blood tests, fecal examinations, and potentially imaging of the abdomen. In many cases, a biopsy of the intestinal lining is the only definitive way to confirm IBD. The urgency of this condition is determined by the severity of the weight loss and the frequency of vomiting or diarrhea. If your dog is unable to keep food down or is becoming dehydrated, this requires immediate attention.

Establishing a Home Health Baseline

Because your dog cannot tell you when they feel unwell, creating a routine home exam is essential. Performing this check monthly, or weekly for senior dogs, allows you to recognize when something is wrong before it becomes an emergency. Focus on these key areas:

• Body Condition Score: Feel your dog's ribs and spine. You should be able to feel them easily without a thick layer of fat. A sudden change in weight is a red flag.
• Gum Color: Lift the lip to check the gums. They should be a healthy pink. Pale or yellow-tinged gums can be a sign of systemic illness or liver issues.
• Mobility and Behavior: Watch how your dog moves and interacts. A sudden withdrawal or change in gait can be a subtle sign of discomfort.
• Breathing at Rest: Count how many breaths your dog takes in a minute while they are sleeping. Knowing their normal rate helps you identify respiratory distress later.

Common Pitfalls for Owners

The most common mistake owners make is waiting too long to report symptoms, thinking that intermittent vomiting or occasional lethargy will resolve on its own. In the case of liver and digestive conditions, early detection is critical to managing the disease effectively. Another frequent error is changing diets or adding supplements without consulting your vet. Doing so can mask symptoms or make it harder for the medical team to diagnose the underlying cause of the issue. Always keep a written record of every change you make to your dog's routine, as this information is vital for your vet to make informed decisions about your dog's care.