Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome: How to Identify and Slow It

Quick answer

Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome (WHS) is a progressive, degenerative neurological disease that causes gradual paralysis, typically starting in the hind legs. While there is currently no cure, you can significantly slow its impact on your hedgehog's quality of life through environmental modifications, physical therapy, and dedicated supportive care.

Learn how to recognize the early signs of Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome (WHS), differ

:::key-facts

• Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome (WHS) is a genetic, progressive neurological disorder similar to Multiple Sclerosis in humans.
• Symptoms usually begin with mild wobbling, tipping over, or an inability to ball up completely.
• It is not contagious to other pets or humans and primarily affects African Pygmy hedgehogs.
• Diagnosis is a process of elimination, as WHS can only be definitively confirmed post-mortem.
• Proactive supportive care, physical therapy, and cage modifications can extend a hedgehog's comfortable life.
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Why it matters

Understanding Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome is crucial for any hedgehog owner because early detection directly influences your pet's comfort and longevity. WHS is a demyelinating disease, meaning the protective myelin sheath around the hedgehog's nerves degrades over time. Without this sheath, the brain cannot effectively transmit signals to the rest of the body, leading to progressive muscle wasting and paralysis.

This condition is believed to be hereditary and is highly prevalent in the domesticated African Pygmy hedgehog population. Symptoms typically manifest before a hedgehog reaches two years of age, though it can strike at any point in their lifespan. Because the disease is progressive, watching your pet lose their mobility can be emotionally challenging. However, knowing what is happening inside their body allows you to step in as their caregiver, adapting their world to keep them pain-free, clean, and happy for as long as possible.

:::ask-boo
Is Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome painful for my hedgehog?
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What good looks like

A healthy hedgehog is a surprisingly active, agile creature. To understand the onset of WHS, you must first know what normal, healthy movement looks like.

A healthy hedgehog walks with a distinct, high-stepping gait. Their belly should be lifted completely off the ground, and their legs should move in a coordinated, steady rhythm. When startled, they should be able to instantly pull their body into a tight, seamless ball, using their powerful orbicularis muscle (the "drawstring" muscle) to tuck in their head, feet, and tail completely, leaving only a sphere of erect quills.

:::video{src="https://storage.googleapis.com/decennium-global.appspot.com/knowledge_assets/care_guides/hedgehog-wobbly-syndrome-how-to-identify-and-slow-it/inline-1-1779988530875.mp4" poster="https://storage.googleapis.com/decennium-global.appspot.com/knowledge_assets/care_guides/hedgehog-wobbly-syndrome-how-to-identify-and-slow-it/inline-1-still-1779988428538.png" alt="A healthy hedgehog walking with a steady, elevated gait."}
A healthy hedgehog walks with its belly lifted off the ground and its limbs fully coordinated.
:::

Furthermore, a healthy hedgehog has excellent balance. They can navigate flat surfaces, climb low obstacles, and run on a wheel for miles every night without tipping over or losing their footing. Their quills should stand up uniformly when they are defensive, rather than drooping or pointing in random directions.

Step-by-step

If your vet suspects WHS, your role shifts from standard pet owner to a dedicated physical therapist and hospice caregiver. While you cannot cure the disease, you can implement a structured care plan to slow its progression and keep your hedgehog comfortable.

Step 1: Redesign the habitat for safety

As your hedgehog's balance declines, their cage must change to prevent serious injuries from falls.

• Remove all ramps and multi-level platforms: Keep the entire habitat on a single, flat level.
• Remove standard running wheels: A wobbly hedgehog can easily fall off a wheel and break a bone. If they still have some mobility, switch to a safe, low-profile saucer wheel, but remove it entirely once they begin tipping over.
• Add extra padding: Line the cage floor with thick, plush fleece liners. Avoid loose bedding like wood shavings, which can stick to their belly or get dragged into their eyes and nose as their mobility decreases.
• Install bumper guards: Place rolled-up fleece blankets or cut pool noodles along the cage walls to prevent your hedgehog from getting wedged in corners or tipping onto their back.

A safe, single-level cage setup with fleece bumpers and a shallow food dish prevents falls and assists with feeding.

Step 2: Modify feeding and hydration

Dehydration and malnutrition are major risks for hedgehogs with limited mobility.

• Switch to shallow dishes: Replace standard food and water bowls with extremely shallow, heavy ceramic dishes. The dishes must be heavy so they do not tip over when your hedgehog leans on them for support.
• Avoid water bottles: Do not use water bottles, as the angle required to drink can cause a wobbly hedgehog to lose their balance and fall backward.
• Assist with feeding: If your hedgehog can no longer reach their dish, hand-feed them high-quality wet food or softened kibble using a small spoon or a syringe (without a needle).

:::pro-tip
Use rolled-up washcloths or small fleece cushions to prop up your hedgehog's sides while they eat. This supports their body weight and prevents them from tipping into their food bowl.
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Step 3: Perform daily physical therapy

Gentle physical therapy can help maintain joint flexibility and delay muscle atrophy.

• Passive range of motion (PROM) exercises: Gently hold your hedgehog's leg at the joint and slowly extend it, then gently press it back against their body. Repeat this motion 5 to 10 times per leg, twice a day.
• Gentle massage: Use your fingertips to gently massage their back and leg muscles. This stimulates blood flow and relieves tension from compensating for their wobbly gait.

:::video{src="https://storage.googleapis.com/decennium-global.appspot.com/knowledge_assets/care_guides/hedgehog-wobbly-syndrome-how-to-identify-and-slow-it/inline-3-1779988671357.mp4" poster="https://storage.googleapis.com/decennium-global.appspot.com/knowledge_assets/care_guides/hedgehog-wobbly-syndrome-how-to-identify-and-slow-it/inline-3-still-1779988594783.png" alt="Physical therapy leg stretches being performed on a hedgehog."}
Gentle range-of-motion exercises can help maintain joint flexibility and muscle tone.
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Step 4: Maintain strict hygiene

Because hedgehogs with WHS drag their hindquarters, they are highly prone to getting soiled with their own waste.

• Perform daily spot-checks: Check their belly, legs, and tail area multiple times a day for urine or feces.
• Give shallow foot baths: Fill a sink with a tiny amount of warm water (just enough to cover their paws) and gently wash away any soiled areas. Dry them thoroughly immediately afterward with a warm towel to prevent hypothermia.
• Apply skin protectants: If you notice redness or irritation from urine scald, consult your vet about using a pet-safe barrier cream.

:::ask-boo
What are the best foods to feed a hedgehog with advanced WHS?
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Signs something's wrong

Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome is a progressive disease that typically follows a predictable decline. Recognizing these stages helps you adjust your care plan accordingly.

• Stage 1 (Mild Ataxia): You will notice a subtle wobble when your hedgehog stands still. They may occasionally tip to one side while walking or struggle to tuck into a perfect ball, leaving a small gap where their face or belly is visible.
• Stage 2 (Moderate Ataxia): The wobble becomes a constant sway. Your hedgehog will frequently fall over to one side and may have difficulty standing back up. They might drag one of their hind legs slightly.
• Stage 3 (Severe Ataxia/Partial Paralysis): The hind legs become completely paralyzed, and your hedgehog will drag their lower body behind them as they pull themselves forward with their front legs. Muscle wasting (atrophy) in the hind limbs becomes highly visible.
• Stage 4 (Complete Paralysis): The paralysis spreads to the front limbs and neck. Your hedgehog will lie on their side, unable to sit up, feed themselves, or move. At this stage, their quality of life is severely compromised.

When to call your vet

Because there is no definitive diagnostic test for WHS in a living animal, your vet must rule out other, highly treatable conditions that mimic its symptoms. You should schedule a veterinary visit the moment you notice any change in your hedgehog's gait.

A distinct head tilt or circling behavior often points to an ear infection rather than WHS, which is highly treatable with antibiotics.

Your vet will perform a thorough examination to rule out:

• Ear infections: An inner or middle ear infection can completely disrupt a hedgehog's vestibular system, causing a severe head tilt, circling, and wobbling. This is highly treatable with antibiotics.
• Torpor (Hibernation attempts): If a hedgehog's environment drops below 22°C (72°F), they may attempt to hibernate. This causes them to become extremely cold, lethargic, and incredibly wobbly. Unlike WHS, this is an immediate environmental emergency that requires slow, careful warming.
• Trauma or spinal injury: A fall from a ramp or wire wheel can cause spinal cord compression, leading to sudden paralysis or weakness.
• Nutritional deficiencies: Metabolic bone disease, caused by an imbalance of calcium and phosphorus in their diet, can weaken their bones and mimic neurological weakness.

:::warning
If your hedgehog is cold to the touch, unresponsive, and wobbling, they may be in a state of torpor (attempted hibernation). This is a life-threatening emergency. Place them against your bare skin under a warm blanket to slowly revive them, and contact an emergency vet immediately.
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:::ask-boo
How can I tell the difference between WHS and a stroke in my hedgehog?
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Common mistakes

• Assuming all wobbling is WHS: Many owners assume a wobbly hedgehog is a death sentence and opt for euthanasia without seeing a vet. Always rule out ear infections, trauma, and torpor first, as these can often be cured.
• Allowing the cage temperature to drop: A hedgehog struggling with WHS has a compromised system. If their cage drops below 22°C (72°F), they are much more likely to slip into torpor, which can be fatal.
• Leaving a running wheel in the cage: Keeping a wheel in the enclosure of a wobbly hedgehog is a major safety hazard. They can easily get their legs caught or fall off, resulting in broken bones.
• Neglecting daily hygiene: Failing to clean a paralyzed hedgehog's hindquarters leads to painful urine scald, skin infections, and flystrike. Daily spot-cleaning is non-negotiable.

Quick FAQs

Can a hedgehog recover from WHS?
No. Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome is a progressive, terminal neurological disease. There is currently no cure, but supportive care can keep them comfortable and extend their life.

How long can a hedgehog live with WHS?
The rate of progression varies widely. Some hedgehogs progress from mild wobbling to complete paralysis in a matter of weeks, while others can live a comfortable, modified life for up to two years with dedicated supportive care.

Are there medications that can slow WHS down?
There are no proven medications that stop the demyelination process. However, vets often prescribe anti-inflammatory medications or steroids to reduce inflammation and manage any discomfort. Some owners also report temporary benefits from acupuncture and vitamin supplements, though you should always consult your vet before starting these.

How do I know when it is time to euthanize?
When your hedgehog can no longer sit up, feed themselves (even with assistance), or show interest in their surroundings, or if they develop painful, unmanageable pressure sores, their quality of life has declined significantly. At this stage, discussing humane euthanasia with your vet is the kindest choice.