甲苯噻嗪

用途

• Label dosage (Note: Many believe this is too high)
• Preanesthetic
• Emetic
• Analgesic
• Post-operative anxiety
• Emesis
• Growth hormone suppression test
• Sedative/analgesic
• Sedative/analgesic combination
• Anesthesia combination
• Sedation
• Camelids (Alpacas/Llamas): Procedural pain/recumbency
• Label dosage
• Sedative/analgesic for colic
• Sedation analgesia
• Caudal epidural for analgesia
• Short-acting, potent analgesic for mild to moderate colic
• Field anesthesia premedication
• Balanced anesthesia protocol
• Sedative/analgesic
• In combination with ketamine
• Rabbits: Minimally invasive procedures (<30-45 min)
• Mice/Rats: General anesthesia
• Hamsters/Guinea pigs: General anesthesia
• Gerbils: General anesthesia
• Rodents: General anesthesia
• Analgesia and restraint for standing procedures
• Sedation/Analgesia
• Sedation
• Label dosage (Note: Many believe this is too high)
• Preanesthetic
• Restraint in healthy animals (with opioids)
• Epidural injection
• Analgesic
• Post-operative anxiety
• Growth hormone response test

給藥方式

可能的副作用

• Emesis (especially in cats, occasionally dogs)
• Muscle tremors
• Bradycardia with partial A-V block
• Reduced respiratory rate and tidal volume
• Sudden movement or kicking in response to sharp auditory stimuli (especially horses)
• Increased urination (cats, cattle)
• Bloat from aerophagia (dogs, cattle)
• Sweating (horses)
• Salivation, ruminal atony, regurgitation, and diarrhea (cattle)
• Premature parturition (cattle)
• Transient hypertension followed by hypotension
• Decreased mucociliary clearance (horses)
• Cardiovascular depression (bradycardia, arrhythmias)
• Vomiting (especially in cats)
• Diuresis (suppression of ADH secretion)
• Transient hyperglycaemia (decreased insulin secretion)
• Mydriasis
• Decreased intraocular pressure
• Increased uterine motility

注意事項與禁忌

• Animals receiving epinephrine
• Active ventricular arrhythmias
• Preexisting cardiac dysfunction
• Hypotension or shock
• Respiratory dysfunction
• Severe hepatic or renal insufficiency
• Preexisting seizure disorders
• Severely debilitated animals
• Last trimester of pregnancy (particularly in cattle)
• Dehydrated or debilitated ruminants
• Urinary tract obstruction (ruminants)
• Intra-arterial injection (may cause severe seizures and collapse)
• Cardiovascular disease
• Systemic disease affecting cardiovascular performance
• Geriatric patients
• Pregnant animals
• Diabetic animals
• Patients receiving sympathomimetic amines
• Conditions where vomiting is contraindicated (e.g., foreign body, raised intraocular pressure)
• Ingestion of strong acids, alkalis, or volatile/oily organic products
• Unconscious or seizing animals, or those with a reduced cough reflex
• Use extreme caution in ruminants due to high sensitivity; ensure correct product concentration (20 mg/mL vs 100 mg/mL). Horses may appear deeply sedated but can still kick violently in response to sudden noises (auditory stimuli). May induce premature parturition in cattle. Can inhibit GI motility; use cautiously in patients with intestinal impactions. Use cautiously in horses during the vasoconstrictive phase of laminitis. Brachycephalic dogs and horses with upper airway disease may develop dyspnea.

藥物相互作用

• Acepromazine: Potential for additive hypotensive effects; use cautiously in animals susceptible to hemodynamic complications.
• Chloramphenicol: Prolonged sedation and gastrointestinal stasis possible.
• CNS Depressants (barbiturates, narcotics, anesthetics, phenothiazines): Additive CNS depression. Dosages of these agents may need to be reduced.
• Epinephrine: May induce the development of ventricular arrhythmias (with or without concurrent halothane).
• Reserpine: May cause colic-like clinical signs in horses; concurrent use should be avoided.
• Anaesthetic agents: Significantly reduces the dose of all other anaesthetic agents required to maintain anaesthesia.
• Sympathomimetic amines: Increased risk of severe cardiac arrhythmias.

常見問題