麻黃鹼

用途

• Treatment of bronchospasm (emergency treatment)
• Treatment of urinary incontinence
• Treatment of urinary incontinence
• Treatment of urinary incontinence
• Treatment of hypotension associated with anesthesia
• Hypotension during anaesthesia
• Nasal congestion (cat 'flu')
• Treatment of bronchospasm (maintenance therapy)
• Treatment of bronchospasm
• Treatment of urinary incontinence
• Treatment of urinary incontinence
• Treatment of hypotension associated with anesthesia
• Treatment of hypotension associated with anesthesia
• Treatment of hypotension associated with anesthesia
• Treatment of hypotension associated with anesthesia
• Hypotension during anaesthesia
• Urinary incontinence

給藥方式

可能的副作用

• Restlessness
• Irritability
• Tachycardia
• Hypertension
• Anorexia
• Tachyphylaxis (decreased response to subsequent doses)
• Panting
• Mydriasis (dilated pupils)
• CNS stimulation (restlessness, agitation)
• Atrial fibrillation
• Vasoconstriction
• Reduction of intestinal wall motility and tone

注意事項與禁忌

• Severe cardiovascular disease
• Cardiac arrhythmias
• Pregnancy
• Lactation
• Glaucoma
• Use with caution in patients with **glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy, hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders, or hypertension**. When administered IV, the administration rate should be carefully controlled (in humans, not to exceed 10 mg/minute; scale appropriately for veterinary patients). **Pregnancy/Nursing:** FDA Category C. Excreted in milk and may have deleterious effects on nursing animals. Consider milk replacer if use is absolutely necessary in a nursing dam.

藥物相互作用

• Acepromazine (and other phenothiazines): Phenothiazines block alpha-adrenergic receptors; concomitant use can lead to unopposed beta-activity causing vasodilation and increased cardiac rate.
• Alpha-blockers (e.g., phentolamine, prazosin): May negate the therapeutic effects of ephedrine.
• General Anesthetics (cyclopropane, halogenated hydrocarbons): Increased risk of arrhythmias. Propranolol may be administered should these occur.
• Beta-blockers: Concomitant use may diminish the effects of both drugs.
• Digoxin: Increased risk of arrhythmias if used concurrently.
• Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (including amitraz): Should not be given within two weeks of receiving MAOIs; severe hypertension and hyperpyrexia are possible.
• Other Sympathomimetic Agents (e.g., phenylpropanolamine): Should not be administered together as increased toxicity may result.
• Reserpine: May reverse the pressor effects of ephedrine.
• Theophylline: May increase the risk for theophylline toxicity.
• Tricyclic Antidepressants: May decrease the pressor effects of ephedrine.
• Urinary Alkalinizers (e.g., sodium bicarbonate, citrates, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors): May reduce urinary excretion of ephedrine and prolong its duration of activity, potentially requiring dosage adjustments.
• Other sympathomimetics: Synergistic effects, increasing the risk of adverse cardiovascular and CNS stimulation.
• Volatile anaesthetics: Enhances the sensitivity of the myocardium to the arrhythmogenic effects of ephedrine.
• Cardiac glycosides (e.g., digoxin): Concomitant use can cause severe cardiac arrhythmias.
• Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline): Concomitant use can cause severe cardiac arrhythmias.
• MAO inhibitors (e.g., selegiline): May cause severe hypertension when given concurrently.
• Amitriptyline: Concomitant use with tricyclic antidepressants can cause arrhythmias.
• Selegiline: Concomitant use with MAO inhibitors may cause severe hypertension.
• Phenylpropanolamine: Can be used in conjunction for urinary incontinence, but increases sympathetic load.

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