氨茶鹼 / 茶鹼

用途

• Bronchodilation (Extended-Release)
• Bronchodilation
• Tracheal collapse (mild clinical signs, <50% collapse)
• Bronchoconstriction associated with fulminant CHF
• Cough
• Bronchodilation
• Pulmonary edema
• Pulmonary edema
• Heaves (RAO)
• Heaves (RAO)
• Bronchodilation (Extended-Release)
• Tracheal collapse (mild clinical signs, <50% collapse)
• Severe, acute pulmonary edema and bronchoconstriction
• Cough
• Collapsing trachea (bronchodilator)

給藥方式

可能的副作用

• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Insomnia / Restlessness
• Polyphagia (increased appetite)
• Polydipsia and polyuria (increased thirst and urination)
• Tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
• Nervousness, excitability, and tremors (especially in horses)
• Diaphoresis (sweating in horses)
• Ataxia
• Seizures (in severe toxicity)
• Cardiac dysrhythmias (in severe toxicity)

注意事項與禁忌

• Hypersensitivity to any xanthines (including theobromine or caffeine)
• Hypersensitivity to ethylenediamine (specific to aminophylline)
• Use with extreme caution in patients with **severe cardiac disease, seizure disorders, gastric ulcers, hyperthyroidism, renal or hepatic disease, severe hypoxia, or severe hypertension**. * **Arrhythmias:** May cause or worsen preexisting cardiac arrhythmias; enhanced monitoring is required. * **Clearance Issues:** Neonatal, geriatric, and congestive heart failure (CHF) patients may have decreased clearance and prolonged half-lives, making them more susceptible to toxicity. * **Dosing Weight:** Because of low lipid solubility and low volume of distribution, obese patients should be dosed based on **lean body weight**. * **IM Injection:** Aminophylline causes intense local pain when administered IM and is rarely recommended via this route.

藥物相互作用

• Phenobarbital: May decrease theophylline levels via hepatic enzyme induction.
• Fluoroquinolones (e.g., enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin): Can significantly increase theophylline levels. Consider reducing theophylline dose by 30% and monitor for toxicity.
• Macrolides (e.g., erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin): Can increase theophylline levels.
• Cimetidine: Can increase theophylline levels by inhibiting hepatic metabolism.
• Ketamine: Concurrent use can cause an increased incidence of seizures.
• Halothane: Concurrent use may cause an increased incidence of cardiac dysrhythmias.
• Sympathomimetics (e.g., ephedrine, isoproterenol): Toxic synergism; can lead to severe cardiac arrhythmias.
• Beta-blockers (non-selective, e.g., propranolol): Can increase theophylline levels and antagonize bronchodilatory effects.
• Corticosteroids: Can increase theophylline levels.

常見問題